Key developments in stem cell therapy in cardiology

A novel therapeutic strategy to prevent or reverse ventricular remodeling, the substrate for heart failure and arrhythmias following a myocardial infarction, is the use of cell-based therapy. Successful cell-based tissue regeneration involves a complex orchestration of cellular and molecular events that include stem cell engraftment and differentiation, secretion of anti-inflammatory and angiogenic mediators, and proliferation of endogenous cardiac stem cells. Recent therapeutic approaches involve bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells and mesenchymal stem cells, adipose tissue-derived stem cells, cardiac-derived stem cells and cell combinations. Clinical trials employing mesenchymal stem cells and cardiac- derived stem cells have demonstrated efficacy in infarct size reduction and regional wall contractility improvement. Regarding delivery methods, the safety of catheter-based, transendocardial stem cell injection has been established. These proof-of-concept studies have paved the way for ongoing pivotal trials. Future studies will focus on determining the most efficacious cell type(s) and/or cell combinations and the mechanisms underlying their therapeutic effects.

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How skin cells could help fight cancer

In a study published in Nature Communications, researchers from the University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill reveal how the transformed skin cells were able to hunt down and kill brain tumors called glioblastomas. Glioblastomas belong to a class of brain tumors known as gliomas. They are the most common and deadliest form of malignant primary brain tumors in adults, with an estimated 12,120 new cases expected to be diagnosed in the US this year.

At present, the prognosis for a patient with glioblastoma is poor; only around 30% of patients with the condition live beyond 2 years from diagnosis, primarily because the tumors are so hard to remove. Study leader Shawn Hingtgen, PhD, of the Eshelman School of Pharmacy at UNC, and colleagues note that even if a surgeon is able to remove most of the glioblastoma, there are almost always remnants of the cancer left in the brain, known as tendrils. Tendrils are finger-like, cancerous tentacles that become deeply embedded in the brain, and they can quickly form a new glioblastoma.

With this in mind, the researchers set out to identify a personalized form of treatment for glioblastoma that is able to target and kill tendrils, eliminating the cancer once and for all. "patients desperately need a better standard of care," notes Hingtgen. Hingtgen and colleagues reprogrammed fibroblasts - collagen-producing cells in connective tissue - to turn into neural stem cells. On testing the neural stem cells in mice with glioblastoma, the researchers found the cells had an "innate ability" to move through the brain and hunt down and destroy the cancerous tendrils.

Furthermore, the researchers found they could engineer the neural stem cells to generate a protein called TRAIL that can kill tumors, making the cancer-fighting ability of the stem cells even stronger.

Reference :- Medical News Today

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Role of Stem Cell in Treatment of Neurological Spinal Disorders

Stem cells may be the person’s own cells (a procedure called autologous transplantation) or those of a donor (a procedure called allogenic transplantation). When the person’s own stem cells are used, they are collected before chemotherapy or radiation therapy because these treatments can damage stem cells. They are injected back into the body after the treatment.

The sources of stem cells are varied such as pre-implantation embryos, children, adults, aborted fetuses, embryos, umbilical cord, menstrual blood, amniotic fluid and placenta

New research shows that transplanted stem cells migrate to the damaged areas and assume the function of neurons, holding out the promise of therapies for Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s, spinal cord injury, stroke, Cerebral palsy, Battens disease and other neurodegenerative diseases.

The therapeutic use of stem cells, already promising radical new treatments for cancer, immune-related diseases, and other medical conditions, may someday be extended to repairing and replenishing the brain. In a study published in the February 19, 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers exposed the spinal cord of a rat to injury, paralyzing the animal’s hind limbs and lower body. Stem cells grown in exponential numbers in the laboratory were then injected into the site of the injury. It was seen that week after the injury, motor function improved dramatically. 

#cerebellum #Neurology #MentalHealth #Disease#ataxiatreatmentindia #Healthcare #Brain#movementDisorders #spinocerebellar #viezec#stemcell #stemcelltherapy #neurologytreatment#motorneuronedisease #regenerativemedicine#stemcellresearch #stemcelltreatmentindia#mnddisease #cure #neurodegenerativediseases

Breast milk sugars promote healthy infant growth through gut microbiome

Bacteria that live in the gut interact with dietary components to affect health and wellness. In a study published in Cell, a team led by Jeffrey Gordon at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis now finds key components in breast milk that promote healthy infant growth and how interactions with the gut bacteria drive this process.

Childhood malnutrition causes over 3 million deaths every year and leads to stunted growth as well as deficits in immune and cognitive development. Partnering with colleagues in Malawi, Africa, where almost half of all children under five show stunted growth, the study's researchers obtained small samples of human breast milk from the mothers of healthy or stunted babies. They found that sugars containing sialic acid, which has been implicated in brain development, were far more abundant in the breast milk of mothers with healthy compared with stunted babies.

This suggested that these breast milk sugars might promote healthy infant growth. To determine if this was the case, the researchers established animal models that allowed both diet and the gut microbiome to be manipulated, since they found in a related study published concurrently in Science that gut microbes are important mediators of normal growth. Gordon and his team introduced a collection of bacterial strains isolated from the fecal sample of an undernourished infant into mice or piglets. The researchers then fed the animals a prototypical Malawian diet consisting of corn, legumes, vegetables, and fruit, which on its own is insufficient for healthy growth.

With both the diet and microbiome mimicking those of undernourished Malawian infants transitioning to solid foods, the researchers then tested the effects of sialylated sugars. Given the difficulty of purifying large quantities of compounds from human breast milk, they turned instead to cow's milk, which contains sialylated sugars, but at 20-fold lower concentration than in breast milk. Through a complex series of steps, they isolated sialylated sugars from whey, a byproduct of cheesemaking, and fed it to the animals. Remarkably, the animals showed substantial improvements in growth, with increases in lean body mass and bone volume as well as metabolic changes in the liver, muscle, and brain suggesting improved ability to mobilize nutrients under diverse conditions. Crucially, these effects depended on the presence of the gut microbiota.

Since the assortment of gut bacteria that were isolated in this study were defined and could be grown in a dish, the authors were then able to tease out which bacteria were affected by sialylated sugars and how the different strains interacted with one another. They found that one species of bacteria fed on sialylated sugars, while another in turn fed on the digested products of those sugars, pointing to a food web among the bacterial community living in the gut. However, these two bacterial strains alone were not able to support healthy growth in mice; instead, more complex interactions between different types of gut bacteria were needed to promote growth.

This study lays the groundwork for identifying the components of breast milk that are needed for infant health and how they interact with the gut microbiome and other dietary components. The authors are excited to extend the approach to look at other mothers and babies to see how general their observations are. "This capacity to look in a very controlled way at how food is partitioned among members of a microbial community and how the metabolic output of that community can affect human biology is part of our ongoing agenda," Gordon says.

One possible application that may stem out of this work is improving infant formulas as well as therapeutic foods used to treat undernutrition, both of which are currently based on cow's milk and are therefore deficient in sialylated sugars. The researchers are hopeful, but careful to point out that more needs to be learned about how different types of bacteria interact with components of breast milk and complementary foods, and to ensure that harmful gut bacteria would not thrive on those components and thereby gain an advantage over beneficial microbes.

"Even though our intentions are good, we want to make sure we do no harm," Gordon says. "This is just the beginning of a long journey, an effort to understand how healthy growth is related to normal development of the gut microbiota, and how we can establish whether durable repair of microbiota immaturity may provide better clinical outcomes."

#breastfeeding #breastmilk #breastmilkadvantage #breastmilkbenefits #breastmilkhormone #breastcancer #viezec #child #infant #childdevelopment #infantgrowth

Reference:- Today

6 Nutrient women needs most

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ENT Treatment

Ear, Nose and Throat along with neck and head ailment used to term for the fascinating and diverse specialty called Otorhinolaryngology. Ear, nose and throat surgical procedures are commonly performed and involve all aspects of care in the head and neck area. Such surgeries are often utilized in the treatment of traumatic injuries, congenital deformities and disease processes.

An ENT surgeon treating neonate's breathing problem, an infant's hearing loss tumors of the nose, snoring, voice and swallowing disorders, allergies, inflammation of the laryngitis and throat, sinuses and the throat and larynx. Disorders of the ears, nose, and throat are commonly encountered in primary health care.

Fruit for Diabetic Patient

Low-carb diet leads to decreased medication among type 2 diabetes patients, research finds.
New research finds that a low-carbohydrate diet can decrease diabetes medication levels by 40 per cent, outperforming a high-carb, low-fat diet of the same calories.
Researchers from Adelaide, Australia and Durham, North Carolina were involved in this study, in which a low-carb diet, low in saturated fat but high in unsaturated fat, was compared to a high-carb, low-fat diet. The latterdiet is advocated by the NHS for diabetes management. Both diets had an equal energy intake of 1,433 kcal per day.
Low-carb dieters experienced a reduction of 0.5 arbitrary units compared to a smaller reduction of 0.2 units in the high-carb, low-fat group. By reducing medication levels, type 2 diabetes is less likely to develop as quickly.
Professor Grant Brinkworth, School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, said: "The most amazing benefit of the low carbohydrate diet was the reduction in the patient's medication levels, which was more than double the amount than the volunteers following the lifestyle program with the high-carbohydrate diet plan.
"This research shows that traditional dietary approaches for managing type 2 diabetes could be outdated, we really need to review the current dietary guidelines if we are serious about using the latest scientific evidence to reduce the impact of the disease."
The findings were published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

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